RAAGU KAALAM, YEMAKANDAM, GULIKAI:
Modified according to Singapore time


The period between sunrise and sunset each day is divided into eight periods. In places like India, Malaysia and Singapore (countries situated near Equator) each period, or kaalam, lasts approximately one and one-half hours, not exactly one and one-half hours, depending on the total duration of sunlight which is not exactly 12 hours on any day. Three of the eight kaalams are considered most important. They are Raagu kaalam, Yemakandam and Gulikai. They depend on the times of sunrise and sunset of the day. They are not fixed times based on the day of the week as claimed in some indian calendars. Raagukaalam and Yemakandam are considered malefic for commencing new undertakings. Gulikai is also malefic but less malefic than Raagukaalam and Yemakandam.

Raagukaalam, Yemakandam and Gulikai vary from place to place, changing every day. The times shown in Tamil Nadu calendars are based on the wrong assumption that sunrise is at 06:00 am and sunset is at 06:00 pm. It is important to take note of the remarks found in Panchangams that if the sunrise is later (earlier) than 6:00 am then the minutes that have lapsed after (remaining to) 6:00 am should be added (subtracted) in order to ascertain the correct times. Even this correction is not right. The corrections suggested in panchangams assume that duration of daytime is 12 hours exactly which is not the case in most places most of the days. Raagukaalam, Yemakandam and Gulikai depend for their start and finish not only on the time of sunrise at a particular place, but also on the duration of daylight hours on the relevant day. Duration of each of Raagukaalam, Yemakandam and Gulikai is one eighth of the daylight hours (which is longer than 12 hours in Singapore).


The times found in some publications in Singapore are the changes made to times found in the Tamil Nadu calendars based on the assumption that sunrise in Singapore is at 7:00 am and sunset at 7:00 pm. These changes conform partially with the notes found in panchangams. The changes made reflect the differences in the assumptions of times of sunrise and sunset. These times of sunrise and sunset are not the correct times on the daily basis.



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